Innovation R&D | Robotic Drilling System | oil and gas industry

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Robotic Drilling Systems AS (RDS) develops a game-changing drill-floor solution consisting of robotic technology for fully unmanned drill floor operations. The system handles pipe and tools and the technology can be applied both on pipe-deck and drill-floor on all drilling structures (new builds and retrofit) for both land and offshore installations.

The robotic control system ensures seamless, fast and precise work operations between the electric drill floor machines. The benefits are faster drilling operations, high safety level due to unmanned operations, and lower installation, maintenance, and operations costs.

The technology development is supported by the Research Council of Norway, Statoil, Shell, ConocoPhillips, Total, ENI, and Innovasjon Norge.

RDS-Description

RDS is developing a fully electric and robotic drill floor for the fast, seamless and human-free operation of pipe and tools on the drill floor. In order to achieve this, three major innovations had to be brought forward:

• Electric drill floor machines, such as electric roughneck and electric pipe handler, to allow for precise operation
• A dynamic robot control system to allow for flexible operations
• A drill floor robot to replace manual operation

The system can be used on new-builds or retro-fitted to existing rigs. In order to achieve a seamless system with good motion control, RDS has replaced the conventional hydraulic drill floor machines with a new generation of electrical machines or robots. In addition to avoiding an HPU, the electric system is easier to install and integrate on the rig. As standard electric motors and gear are used, potentially the reliability will be higher and the energy consumption will be significantly lower for electric robots.

Early studies indicate a potential saving of up to 40 rig days per year for a rig (depending on how much of operation time is considered critical), including non-productive time. Several thousands of manual operations will be avoided.

In addition to saved rig time, improved HSE and reduced OPEX, a full robotic system will give other benefits, such as less downtime, faster installation, lower noise, less energy consumption, and less CO2 emission.

RDS is in the process of workshop testing the robotic drill floor system including the seamless co-operation between the machines/robots.

In general industry, robots have been used for decades in the manufacturing process. The oil and gas industry has so far been very conservative.

Robot-based drilling operations will generate a wealth of process data that can be used to better understand and optimize the drilling process.

The technology not only reduces the personnel costs associated with the rig, but it also redefines the role of the drilling crew. The focus will change from drill floor tasks to the well construction process.

Petroleum Industry | HSE – Concepts | Health - Safety - Environment

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Petroleum industry makes use of many different activities in all the sectors of the business cycle: from upstream to downstream.

Oil and services company’s management apply HSE policies to all levels of operations and in all sectors.

Health, Safety, Environment are separate issues, each with its own technology, but they are often combined in the same functional groups within the oil companies.

These three subjects are of paramount importance to the petroleum industry and adherence to HSE guidelines is a requirement for operators worldwide and is also dictated by internal policies of most corporations.

It is fundamental to have and implement an HSEMS (Health, Safety, and Environmental Management System) which defines the principles by which operations are conducted and control the risks in the whole industry cycle.

Health

The health function typically deals with the well-being of the employees as they live and work in their environment.

It deals with the conduct of activities in such a way as to avoid harm to the health of employees and others, and to promote, as appropriate, their health.

Typically, the health function focuses on the effects of oil field chemicals and oil field physical environment on employees.

Safety

The safety function focuses on protecting the employee from the risk involved during any type of operation and duties.

It is related to the principle that all injuries should be prevented and actively promote amongst all those associated with their activities the high standards of safety consciousness and discipline that this principle demands.

The safety function seeks to minimize these risks and monitor the effectiveness of the minimization activities.

Environment

The environmental function focuses on the effects that petroleum activities have on the natural resources.

The environmental issue pursuit the progressive reductions of emissions, effluents, and discharges of waste materials that are known to have a negative impact on the environment, with the ultimate aim of eliminating them.

It aims to provide products and services and advice which will not cause injury or undue effects on the environment.

It promotes the protection of environments which may be affected by the development of petroleum activities and seek continuous improvement in the efficiency of use of natural resources and energy.

All petroleum activities are subject to a declaration of environmental compatibility issued by the competent Authorities after in-depth studies of the possible environmental impact. These studies include

• Identify sensitive environmental issues
• State possible environmental impact
• Provide a description of the technology and methodology necessary to reduce the risk of damage

The declaration of environmental compatibility is then issued on the basis of a synthetic evaluation which is the cornerstone for conclusions on how acceptable the environmental risk is in terms of chemical pollution, noise pollution, visual impact, smells and, more generally, of any other element which may interfere with the environment.

Oil Companies are constantly researching technology which will allow them to reconcile their operations with the protection of the environment and local ecosystems.

Occupational health and safety issues should be considered as part of a comprehensive hazard or risk assessment, including, for example, a hazard identification study [HAZID], hazard and operability study [HAZOP], or other risk assessment studies.

The results should be used for health and safety management planning, in the design of the facility and safe working systems, and in the preparation and communication of safe working procedures.

The following environmental issues should be considered as part of a comprehensive assessment and management program that addresses project-specific risks and potential impacts:

• Air emissions
• Wastewater/effluent discharges
• Solid and liquid waste management
• Noise generation
• Terrestrial impacts and project footprint
• Spills

During the transport of petroleum, safety and environmental issues are well studied, assessed and continuously implemented to avoid any type of problem which could affect the people involved and the environment which can be very sensitive (land and marine).

The marine transport of oil has increased during the years and the spills are not an occasional consequence of oil traffic.

The environmental impacts of petroleum refinery industry are both direct and indirect:

• Indirect impacts are connected with the final use of petroleum products and pertain not so much to the environmental management of a refinery, as to its overall configuration and to the integration of the various processes that determine the ecological quality of the products
• Direct impacts are generated by processing units and by the activities carried out within the refinery.

The industry’s adoption of more stringent restrictions concerning environmental safety does not always mean increased costs in the long-run, but can also provide an opportunity for improving the overall efficiency of productive activity as well as create conditions of greater competitiveness.

Credits: Oil and Gas portal

Petroleum - DOWNSTREAM

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Fundamentals of Downstream Petroleum

The downstream sector is the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas, as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas.

The purpose of refining is to transform the various kind of crude oil into finished products that meet certain precise specifications.

The range and quality of refined petroleum products produced by any given refinery depend on the type of crude oil used as feedstock and on the configuration of the refinery. 

Light and sweet crude oils are more expensive and generate greater yields of higher-value refined petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel and aviation fuels.

Heavier and sourer crude oil qualities are less expensive and generate greater yields of lower value petroleum products, such as fuel oils.

The configuration of certain refineries is typically oriented towards the production of gasoline whereas the configuration of others is oriented towards the production of middle distillates, such as diesel fuel and aviation fuels.

Credits: Oil and Gas portal

Petroleum Exploration- Geological mapping and prospecting

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Geological mapping and prospecting

Geological mapping and prospecting are valuable techniques in petroleum exploration.

Geological prospecting makes use of geological disciplines such as petrography, stratigraphy, sedimentology, structural geology, geochemistry.

Such disciplines are used to achieve different targets but it must be stressed that their integration is fundamental to depict a picture of reality.

Geophysical methods

Geophysical methods allow to study the physical properties of the subsurface rocks and they can be used in different phases of the exploration in order to collect different types of information.

Geophysical methods such as gravimetric, magnetometric, magnetotelluric, seismic are often combined to obtain more accurate and reliable results.

1. Gravimetric prospecting

• Gravimetric prospecting is a geophysical technique which is able to identify anomalies in the gravity acceleration generated by contrasts in density among bodies in the subsurface.
• Gravimetric prospecting is used to reconstruct the main structural elements of sedimentary basins such as extension, thickness, salt domes, intrusive plutons, and dislocations or fault lines.

2. Magnetometric prospecting

• This method involves measuring local anomalies in the Earth’s magnetic fields.
• The method enables acquisition of data on structural characteristics and depth of the susceptive basement and therefore, indirectly, on the thickness of sedimentary overburden and identifies the presence, depth, and extension of volcanic or plutonic masses within the sedimentary sequences.

3. Seismic prospecting

• Seismic prospecting has become the most valuable technique to reduce exploration risk of being unsuccessful in locating a prospect.
• The technique is based on determinations of the time interval that elapses between the initiation of a seismic wave at a selected shop point and the arrival of reflected or refracted impulses at one or more seismic detectors.
• The phase of seismic data acquisition is followed by the seismic data processing phase (aimed to the alteration of seismic data to suppress noise, enhance the signal and migrate seismic events to the appropriate location in space) than by the interpretation of the generated subsurface image.

Left: Onshore seismic survey
Right: Marine seismic survey

Powered by advanced supercomputer power, rapid data loading, high-speed networking, and high-resolution graphics, visualization centers provide the ability to display and manipulate complex volumes of 3D data resulting in better interpretation of more data in less time.

4. Drilling the exploration well

• Once geological and geophysical information has defined and evaluated (technically and economically) the drillable prospect, it is possible to move to a fundamental phase of the exploration project – the drilling of the first exploratory well.
• The drilling of the exploration well is aimed to confirm the presence of petroleum accumulation.

5. Well logging

• The well logging technique consists of lowering a ‘logging tool’ into the well to acquire geological data and to reveal reservoir fluids characteristics.
• Well logging help geoscientists and engineers to understand:

                         Presence of reservoir

                         Presence of hydrocarbons and characteristics

                         Reservoir properties, etc

6. Well testing

• A well test is a measurement under controlled conditions of all factors relating to the production of oil, gas, and water from a well.
• Well tests are conducted to acquire dynamic rate, pressure, temperature, and fluid property data.
• The acquired information is used to determine reservoir capabilities and important decisions such as production methods, well production equipment, and field development drilling are made from the interpretation of well test results.

Credits: Oil and Gas portal

Petroleum Exploration- Upstream

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 Petroleum Exploration- Upstream

The role of exploration is to provide the information required to exploit the best opportunities presented in the choice of areas and to manage research operations on the acquired blocks.

An oil company may work for several years on a prospective area before an exploration well is spudded and during this period the geological history of the area is studied and the likelihood of hydrocarbons being present quantified.

                                                            Stages of a typical exploration program

Indeed, exploration is a risk activity and the management of exploration assets and associated operations is a major task for oil companies.

The risk cannot be eliminated entirely but can be controlled and reduced adopting appropriate workflow, conceptual and technological innovations.

Technological development has provided oil companies with Basin Modeling – which is a numerical simulation that allows the temporal reconstruction of the history of a sedimentary basin and the associated evolution of the processes related to the formation of petroleum accumulations.

                                                    Basin modeling – Petroleum system

On the basis of data and evidences collected from the preliminary studies, the company management, in the light of the possibilities and the probabilities of a discovery based on G&G data, aside from considerations of an economic nature, may decide to move to the following stage, which is the acquisition (through direct negotiations or by taking part in bids, etc.) of the legal right to perform prospecting in the selected area/block.

The owner of the mining right is normally the State, with which the oil company stipulates a contract establishing the contracting parties’ rights.

Production Sharing Contracts and service contracts are frequently adopted nowadays.

The sequence of activities covered by an exploration permit is fairly uniform, and include

• the creation of a database
• the analysis of available data
• the programming of mapping and geological and photo-geological surveys
• seismic surveys and interpretation of seismic data
• the choice of well locations, drilling
• the analysis of results and the decision as to whether or not to proceed with the application for a lease or to release the area after fulfilling obligations

                                            The main petroleum exploration techniques

The goal of exploration is to identify and locate a prospect, to quantify the volume of hydrocarbon which might be contained in the potential reservoirs and to evaluate the risk inherent the project itself.

A prospect is a viable target evidenced by geological and geophysical indications that are recommended for drilling an exploration well.

Credits: Oil and Gas portal

Petroleum- Interesting FACTS #5

The world uses over 36 billion barrels of oil per year

Around the world, people use around 100 million barrels of oil and liquid fuels per day, which adds up to over 36 billion barrels per year. This number has been rising rather than falling over the last decade and may continue to rise despite the increasing popularity of alternative and green energy resources.

How many years of oil is left in the world?

We currently consume the equivalent of over 11 billion tonnes of oil from fossil fuels every year. Crude oil reserves are vanishing at a rate of more than 4 billion tonnes a year – so if we carry on as we are, our known oil deposits could run out in just over 53 years.

What Will Happen If We Run Out of Oil and Petroleum? 

Between 1965 and 2005, humanity has seen an increase in demand for crude oil by about two and a half times. We are using twice as much coal and three times more natural gas. At present, crude oil constitutes around 33% of global energy needs.

Credits: dare-energy.com

Petroleum- Interesting FACTS #4

An Oil Reservoir is Not a Giant Underground Pool

Contrary to widespread belief, an oil reservoir is not a giant pool of liquid beneath the ground that can easily be sucked onto the surface. Rather, the oil is trapped in the pore spaces between rock crystals and soil grains.

Think of an oil reservoir as a giant sponge soaked in oil. It all comes down to how oil is formed i.e. the burial, compression, and heating of dead organisms underneath sedimentary rocks over millions of years.

Conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs consist of three main parts: The source rock, the reservoir rock, and the cap rock. 

• The source rock is the rock that contains the kerogen that the oil and gas forms from. 
• The reservoir rock is the porous, permeable rock layer or layers that hold the oil and gas. 
• The cap rock seals the top and sides so that the hydrocarbons are trapped in the reservoir, while water often seals the bottom.

Conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs

Reservoir rocks need to be both porous and permeable. This means that there are small pockets of space within the rock where oil or gas can settle and small channels connecting these pockets to allow the oil or gas to flow out of this rock easily when it is drilled. These spaces between grains can develop as the formation of rock occurs or afterward, usually as a result of groundwater passing through the rock and dissolving some of the cement between sediment grains.

Credits: energyeducation.ca

Petroleum - Upstream - Basic Concept

Upstream is a term used in the oil industry which refers to the searching for, the recovery and production of crude oil and natural gas.

The upstream sector includes

• Exploration – the searching for potential onshore or offshore oil and gas reservoirs, and the drilling of exploratory wells
• Production and maintenance of wells and facilities to recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface plant and to process the produced hydrocarbons.

The upstream sector in the context of the petroleum industry cycle

Within the upstream sector, a typical oil and gas operating cycle sees several and different phases that aim to target varied goals using specialized technologies.

A schematic representation of the field cycle and the activities generally carried out in each phase is shown in the figure below:

The oil and gas operating cycle and activities

The term “Petroleum” refers to both crude oil and natural gas.

These are mixtures of hydrocarbons which are molecules, in various shapes and sizes, of hydrogen and carbon atoms, and different mixtures of hydrocarbons have different uses and different economic values.

Basic hydrocarbon structures

Crude oil refers to hydrocarbon mixtures produced from underground reservoirs that are liquid at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature.

Natural gas refers to hydrocarbon mixtures that are gaseous, at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature – the gas mixtures consist largely of methane – the smallest natural hydrocarbon molecule (CH4).

The extremely variable compositional complexity of petroleum reveals the joint effects of all processes involved in the origin of petroleum accumulations and their history during the geological time.

The process of origin of oil and gas

Hydrocarbon reservoirs (porous and permeable host rocks) are thousands of feet below the surface, and oil and gas accumulations form in sedimentary basins if some geological conditions (Petroleum System) are met:

• Existence of source rocks which generate petroleum under particular subsurface temperature conditions
• Expulsion of petroleum from the source and subsequent migration
• The occurrence of reservoir rocks of sufficient porosity and permeability allowing the flow of petroleum through the pore system
• Configurations and arrangement of rock layers to form traps
• Presence of impermeable layers (cap rocks) to confine petroleum accumulations in place
• Correct timing with respect to the sequence by which all the above processes have occurred during the history of a sedimentary basin
• Advantageous conditions for the preservation of petroleum accumulation during the geologic time

Common types of petroleum traps

Credits: Oil and Gas portal

Oil & Gas- Drilling Technologies

Oil well drilling is a complex operation and the drilling industry engages the services of personnel and a complicated array of machinery and materials to drill an oil/gas well to depths greater than 6000 meters, The drilling industry has seen technological progress, however, these advances have not changed the fact that, besides the use of complicated machinery, successful drilling is a result of tremendous team effort. Numerous personnel from the operating company and several service companies work together to drill and complete an oil/gas well. A drilling rig is used to drill a hole, and this requires qualified personnel, different types of equipment the application of a great variety of techniques.

When a drilling project is commenced, two goals must be achieved:

• To drill and finish the well in a safe manner (personal injuries, technical problems) and according to its purpose;
• To complete the project with minimum cost.

The overall costs of the well must be optimized and this optimization may influence where the well is drilled (onshore – extended reach or offshore above reservoir), the drilling technology applied (conventional or slim-hole drilling), as well as the evaluation procedures, run to gather subsurface information for future drilling projects. Rotary drilling is the most efficient technology applied in the oil and gas industry. It is a drilling technology that relies on the continuous circular rotation of the bit to break rocks, while drilling fluids circulate through the bit and up the wellbore to the surface, making it possible to drill safely and efficiently the well.

Rotary drilling rig

The drilling rig consists of a set of equipment and machinery located on the so-called drilling site and normally the rig is not owned by the oil company but by drilling service companies, which hire out the rig complete with operators and which construct the well according to the client’s specifications.

Drilling Rig Systems

A drilling rig is composed of different systems:

1. The hosting system

• It the set of equipment necessary for handling any material inside the well(drill string and the casing);
• It consists of a structural part (Derrick/mast and substructure), the complex of the crown and traveling block, the draw works (hoist) and the drilling line;
• The substructure is the supporting base for the derrick, the draw works, and the rotary table, and constitutes the working floor for operations, or drilling floor.

The Hosting System

2. The rotating system

• The rotating system allows the rotation of the drill string, and it consists of the rotary table, the Kelly, and the swivel;
• In modern rigs, top drive groups together the functions of the above three items of equipment.

   

                                                  

The Kelly System                                                               The Top Drive System

3. The circulation system

• The circulation system consists of mud pumps, distribution lines, and the mud cleaning and accumulation system;
• It is the closed hydraulic circuit which allows the mud to flow from the surface to the bottom of the hole, inside the drill string, and subsequently back to the surface, in the drill string borehole annulus;
• The mud from the hole has to have the cuttings removed before being reinjected to the bottom of the hole and the mud pumps supply the energy necessary for circulation;

Drilling fluids are subdivided into three major classes:

1. Water-based muds;
2. Oil-based muds;
3. Air-based muds (used to reduce bottom hole pressure, to avoid circulation losses in surface layers, or to limit damage to productive formations).

The Circulating System

4.  The power generation system

• A power generation system is needed to run the machines driving the main components of the rig and it is provided by diesel engines, diesel-electric engines;
• Power is transferred from the engines to the different rig systems by belts, chains, and driveshafts on a mechanical rig, or by generated DC electrical power on an electric rig and it is distributed to the rotary table and mud pumps and to the draw works.

Drilling Rig Power Generation System

5.  The drill string

The drill string is an assemblage of hollow pipes of circular section, extending from the surface to the bottom of the hole.

It has three functions:

• it takes the drilling bit to the bottom of the hole while transmitting its rotation and its vertical load to it;
• it permits the circulation of the drilling fluid to the bottom of the hole;
• it guides and controls the trajectory of the hole.

                    

 Drill String                                   An Insert Tricone                                           Bit A PDC Bit

6.  Casing

• The casing is a steel tube that starts from the surface and goes down to the bottom of the hole and is rigidly connected to the rocky formation using cement slurry, which also guarantees hydraulic insulation.
• The casing supports the walls of the hole and prevents the migration of fluids from layers at high pressure to ones at low pressure.

Casing Strings

7.  Cementing

Cementing is the operation of pumping a cement slurry between the casing and the formation, and can be performed by injection into the annulus from inside the casing.

The cementing (primary cementing) serves to rigidly connect the casing to the formation and to guarantee the hydraulic insulation of the various formations, preventing the migration of the fluids from layers at high pore pressure to those at low pressure.

The centralization of the casing is particularly important, as the geometry of the well is seldom regular, but tortuous and with a variable diameter.

Primary cementing

Credits: Oil and Gas portal

Fundamental of Reservoir Simulation

Reservoir simulation is an area of reservoir engineering that, combining physics, mathematics, and computer programming to a reservoir model that allows the analysis and prediction of the fluid behavior in the reservoir over time.

It can be simply considered as the process of mimicking the behavior of fluid flow in a

petroleum reservoir system ( including reservoir rock and fluids, aquifer, surface, and subsurface facilities) through the use of either physical or mathematical models.

It’s a valuable tool to understand the oil and gas reservoir performance under various operating strategies.

Basically, reservoir simulation consists of:

1.   a geological model in the form of a volumetric grid with cell/face properties that describe the given porous rock formation

2.   a flow model that describes how fluids flow in a porous medium, typically given as a set of partial differential equations expressing conservation of mass or volumes together with appropriate closure relations

3.   a well model that describes the flow in and out of the reservoir, including a model for flow within the well bore and any coupling to flow control devices or surface facilities

 Steps to undertake during a Simulation study

Reservoir simulation is used for two main purposes:

• to optimize development plans for new fields
• to assist with operational and investment decisions.

To carry out reservoir simulation, it is necessary to perform several and complex studies that are normally made by teams of specialists from different disciplines – due to a large amount of data required for the preparation of the simulation input data set.

The main elements of a simulation study include

• matching field history
• making predictions (including a forecast based on the existing operating strategy)
• evaluating alternative operating scenarios

Numerical techniques and approaches

Traditional finite difference simulators dominate both theoretical and practical work in reservoir simulation. Conventional Fluid Dynamics (FD) simulation is underpinned by three physical concepts: conservation of mass, isothermal fluid phase behavior, and the Darcy approximation of fluid flow through porous media. Thermal simulators (most commonly used for heavy crude oil applications) add conservation of energy to this list, allowing temperatures to change within the reservoir.

Numerical techniques and approaches that are common in modern simulators:

• Most modern FD simulation programs allow for the construction of 3-D representations for use in either full-field or single-well models.2-D approximations are also used in various conceptual models, such as cross-sections and 2-D radial grid models.

• Theoretically, finite difference models permit discretization of the reservoir using both structured and more complex unstructured grids to accurately represent the geometry of the reservoir. Local grid refinements are also a feature provided by many simulators to more accurately represent the near wellbore multi-phase flow effects. This “refined meshing” near wellbores is extremely important when analyzing issues such as water and gas coming in reservoirs.

• Representation of faults and their transmissibilities are advanced features provided in many simulators. In these models, inter-cell flow transmissibilities must be computed for non-adjacent layers outside of conventional neighbor-to-neighbor connections.

• Natural fracture simulation (known as dual-porosity and dual-permeability) is an advanced feature that model hydrocarbons in tight matrix blocks. Flow occurs from the tight matrix blocks to the more permeable fracture networks that surround the blocks, and to the wells.

• A black oil simulator does not consider changes in the composition of the hydrocarbons as the field is produced. The compositional model is a more complex model, where the PVT properties of oil and gas phases have been fitted to an equation of state (EOS), as a mixture of components. The simulator then uses the fitted EOS equation to dynamically track the movement of both phases and components in the field.

The simulation model computes the saturation change of three phases (oil, water, and gas) and the pressure of each phase in each cell at each time step. As a result of declining pressure as in a reservoir depletion study, gas will be liberated from the oil. If pressures increase as a result of water or gas injection, the gas is re-dissolved into the oil phase.

A simulation project of a developed field usually requires “history matching” where historical field production and pressures are compared to calculated values. The model’s parameters are adjusted until a reasonable match is achieved on a field basis and usually for all wells. Commonly, producing water cuts or water-oil ratios and gas-oil ratios are matched.

Credits: Oil and Gas portal

Petroleum Production Optimization Innovations- Through Tubing Drilling and Completion

Through-tubing drilling and completion is a cost-effective technology for increasing production and recovery. TTDC is a generic term for drilling sidetracks in existing producers and injectors and covers both coiled tubing drilling (CTD) and through-tubing rotational drilling (TTRD), including installing the associated lower completion, typically liners or screens.

The main advantage of the technology is that new reservoir sections can be reached without having to remove the existing, the completion of the production casing, thereby reducing operational time significantly compared to a “standard” slot recovery or side-track. TTDC- wells are particularly useful for accessing pockets of isolated oil and gas in mature fields. Due to the deep side-tracks achieved with this technique, it is possible to minimize borehole lengths and avoid drilling problems in overlying formations.

Through tubing rotary drilling

WELL MATRIX STIMULATION WITHOUT HCl

Well acidizing is a common practices in the oil industry and hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been used as the main acid for limestone stimulation purposes There are several concerns with the use of HCl acids: health and safety of the field crew, corrosive nature of the acids for the flow lines and equipment, and environmental effects of the produced HCl.

A new product called FF-01 is an environmentally-friendly and equipment-friendly product. It is a conversion to an organic base to maintain very low pH as a vehicle for aggressiveness, along with the creation of buffers and surface tension relievers. Low pH, slower reaction rates with limestone, a small amount of residue after a reaction, safety, minimum damage to equipment, and longevity are the properties of this product. 

Tests have been conducted to develop this new product and study possible improvements in this blend. It has been observed that FF-01 dissolves limestone rock samples with smaller reaction constants compared to HCl However, it will dissolve the same mass of rock if enough time is given, and it lasts longer during the course of reaction while leaving fewer residues. 

HCl performs better in cleaning the near-wellbore rock while FF-01 performs better in generating long wormholes and higher effective permeability compared to the cores that were treated using HCl.

UNCONVENTIONAL STIMULATION

The acoustic stimulation technology has the potential to provide a low-cost procedure for enhancing oil recovery in mature fields. Low-frequency shock waves produced downhole can increase the oil production and are currently producing well with high WC mobilizing immobile oil in ¾ mile range. Application of this technology well suits well/field having the following properties:

• Oil Viscosity less than 10 cP

• High water cut, ideally greater than 80%

• Low GOR, ~10 m3 per m3 of fluid produced is ideal

• Minimum spacing of 400 m between source wells with production wells spaced within 300 m radius “stimulation zone”, if multiple tools are run.

Credits: Oil and Gas portal

Which Exports make the country with most noteworthy income?

Hello Everyone,
Here I would like to share my thoughts about the market research on Spain Country
Spain holding the second most astounding income in the time of 2017 with the sent out of (Export) Processed Petroleum Oil up to $12.7 billion (up 53.3%)
Among the best 20 Spain Exported Products Processed Petroleum Oil put the second most noteworthy income and the Engines (diesel): $1.9 billion (down - 0.3%)
We notable about Spain, it is the gigantic nation to create income with fare merchandise and administrations among the general nations from Europe.
From this discernible examination, Spain creates an income with the most elevated proportion of trading the Processed Petroleum Oils with North America (United States).

In contrast to many of their export market destinations, which are predominantly European countries, Spain exports the largest amount of its refined petroleum to the United States (17%), with the Netherlands (10%) and France (9.1%) being the next biggest destinations.

Offshore Drilling and ROVS(Remotly Operated Vehicle)

As the oil and gas industry moves to a more subsea environment, ROVs will become an even more important tool in drilling, development, and repair offshore. In fact, some ROVs are being built to work on specific subsea developments, with manipulators and tools designed for work on equipment in a precise field. In this case, as the subsea architecture is being designed, the ROV that will handle the subsea work is taken into account, as well, ensuring that all tasks at hand can be managed by the ROV.

One of the technologies that spurred the development of offshore drilling was ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle). In the 1970 Oil industry adapted ROV for drilling. Diving in deep water is dangerous for people. So the Military is using this ROV technology to retrieve the lost equipment underwater.

New "Smart material " that can respond dynamically to its environment

Researchers have developed new material by combining the graphene oxide with the hydrogels made
from a natural material seaweed-derived alginate. This new Smart Material is durable and can respond dynamically with its environment used in a variety of biomedical applications.
One Limitation in the use of alginate hydrogels is that they tend to fall apart under mechanical load or in low salt solutions.
The research shows that under the chemical treatments this smart material is capable of becoming more stiffer or softer. It means that this new smart material is able to react to its surroundings. In addition, the alginate-GO retains alginate the ability to repel oils, giving the new material potential as a sturdy antifouling coating.